Dog STRs
As with human DNA, genetic material obtained from dogs contains short tandem repeat (STR) markers that are highly variable among individuals and thus useful in differentiating between animals. Below is a list of some of the canine STR loci described in the literature thus far.
Loci
|
Locus |
Canine Chromosome |
Repeat Motif |
Size Range |
Reference |
|
PEZ01 |
7 |
TACA |
95 136 bp |
StockMarks kit |
|
PEZ02 |
17 |
GGAA |
104 144 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
PEZ03 |
19 |
GAA |
95 154 bp |
StockMarks kit |
|
PEZ05 |
12 |
TTTA |
92 116 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
PEZ15 |
16 |
AGAA |
183 249 bp |
Berger et al. 2009 |
|
PEZ16 |
27 |
GAAA |
281 332 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
PEZ17 |
4 |
GAAA |
191 225 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
PEZ20 |
22 |
AAAT |
152 202 bp |
StockMarks kit |
|
PEZ21 |
2 |
AAAT |
83 103 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2001 |
23 |
GATA |
119 160 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2004 |
11 |
AAAG |
233 325 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2010 |
24 |
ATGA |
222 243 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2017 |
15 |
AGGT/AGAT/GATA |
257 276 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2054 |
12 |
GATA |
139 177 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2088 |
15 |
TTTA/TTCA |
94 138 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2107 |
3 |
GAAA |
292 426 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2309 |
1 |
GAAA |
340 428 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2328 |
33 |
GAAA |
171 213 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2361 |
33 |
GAAA TTTC |
323 439 bp 231 347 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2079 |
24 |
GGAT |
263 299 bp |
Berger et al. 2009 |
|
FH3313 |
19 |
GAAA |
341 446 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH3377 |
3 |
GAAAA |
183 305 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
|
FH2658 |
14 |
GAAA |
106 138 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
FH3210 |
2 |
AAGA |
230 315 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
FH3241 |
8 |
TTCT |
250 270 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
FH4012 |
15 |
TTTC |
119 143 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
REN214L11 |
16 |
GAAT |
154 162 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
C38 |
38 |
TTCT |
132 217 bp |
van Asch et al. 2009 |
|
VWF.X |
27 |
AGGAAT |
151 187 bp |
Tom et al. 2010 |
| IPAX1 | X | AGAT | 122 - 134 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX2 | X | ATAG | 171 - 183 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX3 | X | AAAT | 287 - 303 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX4 | X | AGAA | 296 - 316 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX5 | X | TTTC | 249 - 274 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX6 | X | AAAT | 125 - 145 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX7 | X | TTCT | 86 - 122 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX8 | X | AAAG | 294 - 314 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX9 | X | TTTC | 206 - 238 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| IPAX10 | X | ATAA | 209 - 217 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| POLA104 | X | AAAT | 306 - 334 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
| FH2548 | X | TTTC | 199 - 219 bp | van Asch et al. 2010 |
Population Data
[Excel file] Kanthaswamy, S., et al. (2009). Canine population data generated from a multiplex STR kit for use in forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54, 829-840.
- [Run-to-run sizing data] provided by Sree Kanthaswamy
- [Observed STR allele frequencies] provided by Sree Kanthaswamy
Publications:
Berger, B., et al. (2008). Forensic canine STR analysis. In Coyle, H.M. (ed.) Nonhuman DNA Typing: Theory and Casework Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; Chapter 4, pp. 45-68.
Berger, C., et al. (2009). Canine DNA profiling in forensic casework: the tail wagging the dog. Forensic Science Review, 21, 1-14.
Brauner, P., et al. (2001). DNA profiling of trace evidence mitigating evidence in a dog biting case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46, 1232-1234.
Clarke, M., & Vandenberg, N. (2010). Dog attack: the application of canine DNA profiling in forensic casework. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 6, 151-157.
Dayton, M., et al. (2009). Developmental validation of short tandem repeat reagent kit for forensic DNA profiling of canine biological material. Croatian Medical Journal, 50, 268-285.
DeNise, S., et al. (2004). Power of exclusion for parentage verification and probability of match for identity in American Kennel Club breeds using 17 canine microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics, 35, 14-17.
Eichmann, C., et al. (2004). A proposed nomenclature for 15 canine-specific polymorphic STR loci for forensic purposes. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118, 249-266.
Eichmann, C., et al. (2004). Canine-specific STR typing of saliva traces on dog bite wounds. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118, 337-342.
Eichmann, C., et al. (2005). Estimating the probability of identity in a random dog population using 15 highly polymorphic canine STR markers. Forensic Science International, 151, 37-44.
Halverson, J., et al. (1999). Microsatellite sequences for canine genotyping. U.S. Patent 5,874,217.
Halverson, J., & Basten, C. (2005). A PCR multiplex and database for forensic DNA identification of dogs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50, 352-363.
Hellmann, A.P., et al. (2006). A proposal for standardization in forensic canine DNA typing: allele nomenclature of six canine-specific STR loci. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51, 274-281.
Ichikawa, Y., et al. (2001). Canine parentage testing based on microsatellite polymorphisms. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 63, 1209-1213.
ISAG Canine Marker Panels: http://www.isag.org.uk/ISAG/all/2005ISAGPanelDOG.pdf
Kanthaswamy, S. (2009). Development and validation of a standardized canine STR panel for use in forensic casework. Final report for NIJ Grant 2004-DN-BX-K007. Available at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/226639.pdf.
Kanthaswamy, S., et al. (2009). Canine population data generated from a multiplex STR kit for use in forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54, 829-840.
Koskinen, M.T., & Bredbacka, P. (1999) A convenient and efficient microsatellite-based assay for resolving parentages in dogs. Animal Genetics, 30, 148-149.
Muller, S., et al. (1999). Use of canine microsatellite polymorphisms in forensic examinations. Journal of Heredity, 90, 55-56.
Pαdαr, Z., et al. (2001). Canine microsatellite polymorphisms as the resolution of an illegal animal death case in a Hungarian zoological gardens. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 115, 79-81.
Pαdαr, Z., et al. (2002). Canine STR analyses in forensic practice: observation of a possible mutation in a dog hair. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 116, 286-288.
Shutler, G.G., et al. (1999). Removal of a PCR inhibitor and resolution of DNA STR types in mixed human-canine stains from a five year old case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 623-626.
Sundqvist, A.-K., et al. (2008). Wolf or dog? Genetic identification of predators from saliva collected around bite wounds on prey. Conservation Genetics, 9, 1275-1279.
Sutter, N.B., & Ostrander, E.A. (2004). Dog star rising: the canine genetic system. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5, 900-910.
Tom, B.K., et al. (2010). Development of a nomenclature system for a canine STR multiplex reagent kit. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 597-604.
van Asch, B., et al. (2009). A new autosomal STR nineplex for canine identification and parentage testing. Electrophoresis, 30, 417-423.
van Asch, B., Alves, C., Santos, L., Pinheiro, R., Pereira, F., Gusmγo, L., Amorim, A. (2010). Genetic profiles and sex identification of found-dead wolves determined by the use of an 11-loci PCR multiplex. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 4, 68
72.van Asch, B., et al. (2010). A framework for the development of STR genotyping in domestic animal species: characterization and population study of 12 canine X-chromosome loci. Electrophoresis, 31, 303-308.
Zenke, P., et al. (2011). Population genetic study in Hungarian canine populations using forensically informative STR loci. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 5, e31-e36.
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Last Updated: 05/20/2011